Design for Autonomous Mobility

Overview

DAM, with its team of Industrial Designers, has the role to design Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) for public transport and their related infrastructure (e.g., stations) for greater comfort and a positive travel experience for users. The designed concepts have to fulfil two main requirements: promote user acceptance and facilitate the operation of autonomously driven vehicles for public transport.

Beyond the consideration of the Universal Design principles, DAM investigates the advantages of new tools like Virtual Reality (VR) and pedestrian simulations that are not yet widely used within the designer community.

Furthermore, empirical research is conducted to define the Human Factors that need to be taken into consideration for design. These Human Factors help for the definition of Personas (i.e., goal-oriented user profiles) that guarantee that user needs and expectations are considered throughout the design process of AVs integrated to public transport. The outputs of the research are design concepts for AVs and infrastructure as well as novel methodologies for design.

Research

Industrial Design for AVs

The Industrial Designers of DAM have the role to design the DART vehicle to be of greater comfort and a positive travel experience for users than current public transport services. Following topics are under investigation:

Human Machine Interfaces for AVs
Crowd simulation tool for design of vehicle interior layout
Station retrofitting for AVs including guidance / wayfinding system
Secondary use of AVs for freight, postal delivery or shuttle services

DART module - exterior (source: TUMCREATE)

DART module - interior overview (source: TUMCREATE)

Virtual Research Lab

Building up experimental setups in real-life conditions to test the vehicles and mobility concepts would be a complex endeavour: It would be costly in terms of both money and time, and could be unsafe for potential test persons. Therefore, with the help of Virtual Reality (VR), alternative research methods are investigated by DAM to run experiments in a reliable way that keeps costs and time spent to a minimum while maximizing safety for test persons.

Industrial Designers consider Virtual Reality as a tool for:

Problem identification in VR
Ideation workshops in VR with experts’ immersion
Usability Testing in VR with physiological sensors
Presentation of design concepts in VR and immersive experience

Possible set-up for experiment within VR (source: TUMCREATE)

Human Factors in Design

Public acceptance and adoption are major challenges to overcome with the introduction of DART. Research into user needs, and desires is part of the human-centric design approach taken by DAM. Results of this Work Package inform the design of DART stations, vehicles and human-machine interfaces (HMI).

Human Factors and Personas are defined for public transport in Singapore and following studies are on-going:

Mobility Journeys in Singapore
Research on Attitude to AVs
Human-centred Impact Assessment
Case study: Virtual Companion for public transport

Mobility Journeys in Singapore (source: TUMCREATE)

Publications

[17]

P. Y. Lim, P. Kong, H. Cornet, and F. Frenkler, “Facilitating Independent Commuting Among Individuals with Autism – A Design Study in Singapore,” Journal of Transport & Health, Journal of Transport and Health, vol. 21, Elsevier, article no. 101022, Jun. 2021, ISSN: 2214-1405, DOI: 10.1016/j.jth.2021.101022. BIB Icon

@article{JTHDAM2021,
author	=	{Lim, Pei Yi and Kong, Penny and Cornet, Henriette and Frenkler, Fritz},
journal	=	{Journal of Transport \& Health},
title	=	{Facilitating Independent Commuting Among Individuals with Autism -- {A} Design Study in {Singapore}},
issn	=	{2214-1405},
volume	=	{21},
year	=	{2021},
month	=	jun,
doi	=	{10.1016/j.jth.2021.101022},
eid	=	{101022},
publisher	=	{Elsevier},
}

[16]

P. Kong, H. Cornet, and F. Frenkler, “Designing for Delight and Disappointment with Two Companions for Future Mobility in Singapore,” in Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Kansei Engineering and Emotion Research (KEER) 2020, Tokyo, Japan: LiU Electronic Press, Sep. 2020, ISSN: 1650-3740. BIB Icon

@inproceedings{KEERDAM2020,
author	=	{Kong, Penny and Cornet, Henriette and Frenkler, Fritz},
booktitle	=	{Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Kansei Engineering and Emotion Research (KEER) 2020},
title	=	{Designing for Delight and Disappointment with Two Companions for Future Mobility in {Singapore}},
year	=	{2020},
month	=	sep,
publisher	=	{LiU Electronic Press},
issn	=	{1650-3740},
address	=	{Tokyo, Japan},
}

[15]

S. Stadler, H. Cornet, and F. Frenkler, “Collecting People's Preferences in Immersive Virtual Reality: A Case Study on Public Spaces in Singapore, Germany, and France,” in Proceedings of the Design Research Society (DRS) 2020, Brisbane, Australia: Design Research Society, Aug. 2020, DOI: 10.21606/drs.2020.308. BIB Icon

@inproceedings{DRSDAM2020,
title	=	{Collecting People's Preferences in Immersive Virtual Reality: {A} Case Study on Public Spaces in {Singapore}, {Germany}, and {France}},
author	=	{Stadler, Sebastian and Cornet, Henriette and Frenkler, Fritz},
booktitle	=	{Proceedings of the Design Research Society (DRS) 2020},
year	=	{2020},
month	=	aug,
address	=	{Brisbane, Australia},
publisher	=	{Design Research Society},
doi	=	{10.21606/drs.2020.308},
}

[14]

S. Stadler, H. Cornet, D. Mazeas, J.-R. Chardonnet, and F. Frenkler, “IMPRO: Immersive Prototyping in Virtual Environments for Industrial Designers,” in Proceedings of the DESIGN2020 16th International Design Conference, Dubrovnik, Croatia: Combridge University Press, May 2020, DOI: 10.1017/dsd.2020.81. BIB Icon

@inproceedings{DESIGN2020DAMSS,
title	=	{{IMPRO}: {Immersive} Prototyping in Virtual Environments for Industrial Designers},
author	=	{Stadler, Sebastian and Cornet, Henriette and Mazeas, Damien and Chardonnet, Jean-Remy and Frenkler, Fritz},
booktitle	=	{Proceedings of the DESIGN2020 16th International Design Conference},
year	=	{2020},
month	=	may,
address	=	{Dubrovnik, Croatia},
publisher	=	{Combridge University Press},
doi	=	{10.1017/dsd.2020.81},
}

[13]

P. Kong, H. Cornet, and F. Frenkler, “Closing the Human-machine Disconnect: Design Requirements for Two Extreme Companions for Future Autonomous Mobility,” in Proceedings of the 16th International Design Conference – DESIGN 2020, vol. 1, Cavtat, Dubrovnik, Croatia, May 2020, pp. 1627–1636, DOI: 10.1017/dsd.2020.92. BIB Icon

@inproceedings{DESIGN2020DAMPK,
title	=	{Closing the Human{\hyphen}machine Disconnect: {Design} Requirements for Two Extreme Companions for Future Autonomous Mobility},
author	=	{Kong, Penny and Cornet, Henriette and Frenkler, Fritz},
booktitle	=	{Proceedings of the 16th International Design Conference -- DESIGN 2020},
year	=	{2020},
month	=	may,
address	=	{Cavtat, Dubrovnik, Croatia},
volume	=	{1},
pages	=	{1627--1636},
doi	=	{10.1017/dsd.2020.92},
}

[12]

S. Stadler, H. Cornet, D. Huang, and F. Frenkler, “Designing Tomorrow's Human-machine Interfaces in Autonomous Vehicles: An Exploratory Study in Virtual Reality,” Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality: Changing Realities in a Dynamic World, Springer International Publishing, pp. 151–160, Mar. 2020, DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-37869-1_13. BIB Icon

@article{ARVRDAM2019,
title	=	{Designing Tomorrow's Human{\hyphen}machine Interfaces in Autonomous Vehicles: {An} Exploratory Study in Virtual Reality},
author	=	{Stadler, Sebastian and Cornet, Henriette and Huang, Danqing and Frenkler, Fritz},
editor	=	{Jung, Timothy and tom Dieck, M. Claudia and Rauschnabel, Philipp A.},
journal	=	{Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality: Changing Realities in a Dynamic World},
publisher	=	{Springer International Publishing},
address	=	{Cham, Germany},
isbn	=	{978-3-030-37868-4},
year	=	{2020},
month	=	mar,
pages	=	{151--160},
doi	=	{10.1007/978-3-030-37869-1_13},
}

[11]

P. Kong, S. Stadler, N. Forchhammer, and H. Cornet, “Menschzentrierte Gestaltung für ein autonomes Mobilitätssystem in Singapur,” ATZ Extra, vol. 25, Springer Nature, pp. 38–43, Mar. 2020, DOI: 10.1007/s35778-020-0112-5. BIB Icon

@article{ATZDAM2020,
title	=	{Menschzentrierte {Gestaltung} f{\"u}r ein autonomes {Mobilit{\"a}tssystem} in {Singapur}},
author	=	{Kong, Penny and Stadler, Sebastian and Forchhammer, Niklas and Cornet, Henriette},
journal	=	{ATZ Extra},
volume	=	{25},
month	=	mar,
year	=	{2020},
pages	=	{38--43},
publisher	=	{Springer Nature},
doi	=	{10.1007/s35778-020-0112-5},
}

[10]

H. Cornet, S. Stadler, P. Kong, G. Marinkovic, P. M. Sathikh, and F. Frenkler, “User-centred Design of Autonomous Mobility for Public Transportation in Singapore,” Transportation Research Procedia, vol. 41, Elsevier, pp. 191–203, Nov. 2019, ISSN: 2352-1465, DOI: 10.1016/j.trpro.2019.09.038. BIB Icon

@article{mobilTUMDAM2018,
title	=	{User{\hyphen}centred Design of Autonomous Mobility for Public Transportation in {Singapore}},
author	=	{Cornet, Henriette and Stadler, Sebastian and Kong, Penny and Marinkovic, Goran and Sathikh, Peer Mohideen and Frenkler, Fritz},
journal	=	{Transportation Research Procedia},
publisher	=	{Elsevier},
issn	=	{2352-1465},
volume	=	{41},
year	=	{2019},
month	=	nov,
pages	=	{191--203},
doi	=	{10.1016/j.trpro.2019.09.038},
}

[9]

B. Su, P. Andelfinger, D. Eckhoff, H. Cornet, G. Marinkovic, C. Wentong, and A. Knoll, “An Agent-based Model for Evaluating the Boarding and Alighting Efficiency of Autonomous Public Transport Vehicles,” Computational Science – ICCS 2019, vol. 11536, Springer International Publishing, pp. 534–547, Jun. 2019, DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-22734-0_39. BIB Icon

@article{su2019agentAIDA,
title	=	{An Agent{\hyphen}based Model for Evaluating the Boarding and Alighting Efficiency of Autonomous Public Transport Vehicles},
author	=	{Su, Boyi and Andelfinger, Philipp and Eckhoff, David and Cornet, Henriette and Marinkovic, Goran and Wentong, Cai and Knoll, Alois},
journal	=	{Computational Science -- ICCS 2019},
publisher	=	{Springer International Publishing},
address	=	{Cham, Germany},
editor	=	{Rodrigues, Jo et al.},
volume	=	{11536},
series	=	{Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
pages	=	{534--547},
year	=	{2019},
month	=	jun,
isbn	=	{978-3-030-22734-0},
doi	=	{10.1007/978-3-030-22734-0_39},
}

[8]

S. Stadler, H. Cornet, T. Theoto, and F. Frenkler, “A Tool, not a Toy: Using Virtual Reality to Evaluate the Communication Between Autonomous Vehicles and Pedestrians,” Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality – The Power of AR and VR for Business, Springer International Publishing, pp. 203–216, Apr. 2019, DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-06246-0_15. BIB Icon

@article{ARVRDAM2018,
title	=	{A Tool, not a Toy: {Using} Virtual Reality to Evaluate the Communication Between Autonomous Vehicles and Pedestrians},
author	=	{Stadler, Sebastian and Cornet, Henriette and Theoto, Tatiana and Frenkler, Fritz},
journal	=	{Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality -- The Power of AR and VR for Business},
month	=	apr,
year	=	{2019},
pages	=	{203--216},
publisher	=	{Springer International Publishing},
isbn	=	{978-3-030-06246-0},
doi	=	{10.1007/978-3-030-06246-0_15},
}

[7]

H. Cornet, P. Kong, F. Vallet, A. Lane, and Y. L. Theng, “Designing Sustainable Mobility for People at Risk of Social Isolation – Two Cultural Perspectives from Singapore and France,” in Designing Sustainability for All. Proceedings of the 3rd LeNS World Distributed Conference., vol. 2, Beijing, China: Ediziono POLI.design, Apr. 2019, ISBN: 978-88-95651-26-2, [Online] Available: https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02102840. BIB Icon

@inproceedings{LeNSDAM2019,
title	=	{Designing Sustainable Mobility for People at Risk of Social Isolation -- Two Cultural Perspectives from {Singapore} and {France}},
author	=	{Cornet, Henriette and Kong, Penny and Vallet, Flore and Lane, Anna and Theng, Yin Leng},
booktitle	=	{Designing Sustainability for All. Proceedings of the 3rd LeNS World Distributed Conference.},
volume	=	{2},
year	=	{2019},
month	=	apr,
address	=	{Beijing, China},
publisher	=	{Ediziono POLI.design},
isbn	=	{978-88-95651-26-2},
url	=	{https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02102840},
}

[6]

S. Stadler, H. Cornet, and F. Frenkler, “A Study in Virtual Reality on (Non-)Gamers' Attitudes and Behaviors,” in Proceedings of the 26th IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces, Osaka, Japan: IEEE, Mar. 2019, DOI: 10.1109/VR.2019.8797750. BIB Icon

@inproceedings{IEEEVRDAM2019,
title	=	{A Study in Virtual Reality on (Non\hyphen)Gamers' Attitudes and Behaviors},
author	=	{Stadler, Sebastian and Cornet, Henriette and Frenkler, Fritz},
booktitle	=	{Proceedings of the 26th IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces},
year	=	{2019},
month	=	mar,
address	=	{Osaka, Japan},
publisher	=	{IEEE},
doi	=	{10.1109/VR.2019.8797750},
}

[5]

S. Stadler, H. Cornet, and F. Frenkler, “Towards User Acceptance of Autonomous Vehicles: A Virtual reality Study on (Human-)Machine Interfaces,” International Journal of Technology Marketing, vol. 13, no. 3/4, Inderscience, Jan. 2019, DOI: 10.1504/IJTMKT.2019.10025612. BIB Icon

@article{IJTMDAM2019,
title	=	{Towards User Acceptance of Autonomous Vehicles: {A} Virtual reality Study on (Human\hyphen)Machine Interfaces},
author	=	{Stadler, Sebastian and Cornet, Henriette and Frenkler, Fritz},
journal	=	{International Journal of Technology Marketing},
year	=	{2019},
month	=	jan,
volume	=	{13},
number	=	{3/4},
publisher	=	{Inderscience},
doi	=	{10.1504/IJTMKT.2019.10025612},
}

[4]

P. Kong, H. Cornet, and F. Frenkler, “Personas and Emotional Design for Public Service Robots: A Case Study with Autonomous Vehicles in Public Transportation,” in Proceedings of the CW 2018: 2018 International Conference on Cyberworlds (CW), Singapore: IEEE, Oct. 2018, DOI: 10.1109/CW.2018.00058. BIB Icon

@inproceedings{CWDAM2018,
title	=	{Personas and Emotional Design for Public Service Robots: A Case Study with Autonomous Vehicles in Public Transportation},
author	=	{Kong, Penny and Cornet, Henriette and Frenkler, Fritz},
booktitle	=	{Proceedings of the CW 2018: 2018 International Conference on Cyberworlds (CW)},
year	=	{2018},
month	=	oct,
address	=	{Singapore},
publisher	=	{IEEE},
doi	=	{10.1109/CW.2018.00058},
}

[3]

S. Stadler and H. Cornet, “Virtual Design – Systematic Integration of Virtual Reality into the Design Process,” Instant Journal – PhD by Design Satellite Session at the Design Research Society Conference 2018 (DRS 2018), no. 5, PhD By Design, pp. 58–59, Jun. 2018, ISSN: 2396-8478, [Online] Available: https://issuu.com/phdbydesign/docs/instant_journal_drs2018_final. BIB Icon

@article{DRSDAM2018,
author	=	{Stadler, Sebastian and Cornet, Henriette},
title	=	{Virtual Design -- Systematic Integration of Virtual Reality into the Design Process},
journal	=	{Instant Journal -- PhD by Design Satellite Session at the Design Research Society Conference 2018 (DRS 2018)},
month	=	jun,
year	=	{2018},
address	=	{Limerick, Ireland},
publisher	=	{PhD By Design},
number	=	{5},
issn	=	{2396-8478},
pages	=	{58--59},
url	=	{https://issuu.com/phdbydesign/docs/instant_journal_drs2018_final},
}

[2]

A. Ongel, H. Cornet, P. Kong, R. Khoo, T. Liu, and M. Kloeppel, “Public Transport Service Quality Improvement Using Universal Design Standards and Advanced Vehicle Technologies,” in Proceedings of the 2018 International Conference on Intelligent Autonomous Systems, Singapore, Mar. 2018, pp. 207–212, DOI: 10.1109/ICoIAS.2018.8494057. BIB Icon

@inproceedings{AOIMVS2017,
title	=	{Public Transport Service Quality Improvement Using Universal Design Standards and Advanced Vehicle Technologies},
author	=	{Ongel, Aybike and Cornet, Henriette and Kong, Penny and Khoo, Raymond and Liu, Tao and Kloeppel, Manfred},
booktitle	=	{Proceedings of the 2018 International Conference on Intelligent Autonomous Systems},
year	=	{2018},
month	=	mar,
pages	=	{207--212},
address	=	{Singapore},
isbn	=	{978-1-5386-6329-5},
doi	=	{10.1109/ICoIAS.2018.8494057},
}

[1]

S. Stadler, “Virtual Reality Environments for Presentation, Elaboration and Evaluation of Autonomous Vehicles for Public Transportation in Singapore,” in Proceedings of the 1st TUM Research Alumni Conference: Living and Mobility in Smart Cities, Singapore: TUM.University Press, Aug. 2017, DOI: 10.14459/2017md1429192. BIB Icon

@inproceedings{TUMalumniDAM2017,
title	=	{Virtual Reality Environments for Presentation, Elaboration and Evaluation of Autonomous Vehicles for Public Transportation in {Singapore}},
author	=	{Stadler, Sebastian},
booktitle	=	{Proceedings of the 1st TUM Research Alumni Conference: Living and Mobility in Smart Cities},
year	=	{2017},
month	=	aug,
address	=	{Singapore},
school	=	{Technische Universit{\"a}t M{\"u}nchen},
publisher	=	{TUM.University Press},
doi	=	{10.14459/2017md1429192},
}

[88]

Other output

[7]

S. Stadler, H. Cornet, and F. Frenkler, “Criteria Evaluation of a Virtual Reality Platform to Investigate People's Behaviour Towards Autonomous Vehicles,” in Proceedings of the 19th Driving Simulator and Virtual Reality Conference & Exhibition (DSC) 2020, Antibes, France, Sep. 2020, [Online] Available: https://proceedings.driving-simulation.org/proceeding/dsc-2020/criteria-evaluation-of-a-virtual-reality-platform-to-investigate-peoples-behaviour-towards-autonomous-vehicles/. BIB Icon

@inproceedings{DSC2020SS,
author	=	{Stadler, Sebastian and Cornet, Henriette and Frenkler, Fritz},
title	=	{Criteria Evaluation of a Virtual Reality Platform to Investigate People's Behaviour Towards Autonomous Vehicles},
booktitle	=	{Proceedings of the 19th Driving Simulator and Virtual Reality Conference \& Exhibition (DSC) 2020},
year	=	{2020},
month	=	sep,
address	=	{Antibes, France},
url	=	{https://proceedings.driving-simulation.org/proceeding/dsc-2020/criteria-evaluation-of-a-virtual-reality-platform-to-investigate-peoples-behaviour-towards-autonomous-vehicles/},
}

[6]

N. Forchhammer, P. Y. Lim, H. Cornet, and F. Frenkler, “A Virtual Reality Study on How Communication and Gamification Influence Driver Compliance and Emotion,” in Proceedings of the 19th Driving Simulator and Virtual Reality Conference & Exhibition (DSC) 2020, Antibes, France, Sep. 2020, [Online] Available: https://proceedings.driving-simulation.org/proceeding/dsc-2020/a-virtual-reality-study-on-how-communication-and-gamification-influence-driver-compliance-and-emotion/. BIB Icon

@inproceedings{DSC2020NKDAM,
author	=	{Forchhammer, Niklas and Lim, Pei Yi and Cornet, Henriette and Frenkler, Fritz},
title	=	{A Virtual Reality Study on How Communication and Gamification Influence Driver Compliance and Emotion},
booktitle	=	{Proceedings of the 19th Driving Simulator and Virtual Reality Conference \& Exhibition (DSC) 2020},
year	=	{2020},
month	=	sep,
address	=	{Antibes, France},
url	=	{https://proceedings.driving-simulation.org/proceeding/dsc-2020/a-virtual-reality-study-on-how-communication-and-gamification-influence-driver-compliance-and-emotion/},
}

[5]

S. Stadler, H. Cornet, and F. Frenkler, “TUMCREATE VR,” Tech. Rep., TUMCREATE Ltd., Singapore, Apr. 2020. BIB Icon

@techreport{TCVRDAM2020,
title	=	{{TUMCREATE} {VR}},
author	=	{Stadler, Sebastian and Cornet, Henriette and Frenkler, Fritz},
school	=	{TUMCREATE Ltd.},
year	=	{2020},
month	=	apr,
address	=	{Singapore},
}

[4]

P. Kong, C. Landesvatter, H. Cornet, and F. Frenkler, “Beyond Operational Improvement: A Qualitative Study on User Preferences for Public Transport in Singapore,” in Proceedings of the 26th ITS World Congress, Singapore, Oct. 2019. BIB Icon

@inproceedings{ITSWCDAM2019,
title	=	{Beyond Operational Improvement: A Qualitative Study on User Preferences for Public Transport in Singapore},
author	=	{Kong, Penny and Landesvatter, Carolin and Cornet, Henriette and Frenkler, Fritz},
booktitle	=	{Proceedings of the 26th ITS World Congress},
year	=	{2019},
month	=	oct,
address	=	{Singapore},
}

[3]

P. Kong, F. Vallet, O. Al Maghraoui, H. Cornet, and F. Frenkler, “Seeking Emotions in Mobility Experience Elicitation: A Singapore-France Comparison,” in Proceedings of the International Association of Societies of Design Research Conference 2019 (IASDR 2019), Manchester, United Kingdom, Sep. 2019, [Online] Available: https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02381950. BIB Icon

@inproceedings{IASDRDAM2019,
title	=	{Seeking Emotions in Mobility Experience Elicitation: {A} {Singapore}\hyphen{France} Comparison},
author	=	{Kong, Penny and Vallet, Flore and Al Maghraoui, Ouail and Cornet, Henriette and Frenkler, Fritz},
booktitle	=	{Proceedings of the International Association of Societies of Design Research Conference 2019 (IASDR 2019)},
year	=	{2019},
month	=	sep,
address	=	{Manchester, United Kingdom},
url	=	{https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02381950},
}

[2]

P. Kong, A. Gill, H. Cornet, and F. Frenkler, “Mobility Personas for Singapore Cards,” Tech. Rep., TUMCREATE Ltd., Singapore, Aug. 2019, [Online] Available: http://bit.ly/MPScards. BIB Icon

@techreport{MPCDAM2019,
title	=	{Mobility Personas for {Singapore} Cards},
author	=	{Kong, Penny and Gill, Aneel and Cornet, Henriette and Frenkler, Fritz},
school	=	{TUMCREATE Ltd.},
year	=	{2019},
month	=	aug,
address	=	{Singapore},
url	=	{http://bit.ly/MPScards},
}

[1]

S. Stadler, H. Cornet, P. Kong, and F. Frenkler, “How Can Communication Between Autonomous Vehicles & Humans be Improved by Using Virtual Reality? A Safe, Cost- and Time-efficient Method for the Validation of Human Machine Interaction Concepts in the Context of Public Transportation in Singapore,” in Proceedings of the Asia Design Engineering Workshop (A-DEWS 2017), Seoul, Korea, Dec. 2017. BIB Icon

@inproceedings{ADEWSDAM2017,
title	=	{How Can Communication Between Autonomous Vehicles \& Humans be Improved by Using Virtual Reality? {A} Safe, Cost- and Time{\hyphen}efficient Method for the Validation of Human Machine Interaction Concepts in the Context of Public Transportation in {Singapore}},
author	=	{Stadler, Sebastian and Cornet, Henriette and Kong, Penny and Frenkler, Fritz},
booktitle	=	{Proceedings of the Asia Design Engineering Workshop (A-DEWS 2017)},
year	=	{2017},
month	=	dec,
address	=	{Seoul, Korea},
}